According to Dr. Kristin Neff, Self-Compassion has three main elements:
Self-Kindness Being warm and understanding toward ourselves when we suffer, fail, or feel inadequate, rather than ignoring our pain or criticize ourselves. Common Humanity Suffering and feelings of personal inadequacy are part of the shared human experience. It is something we all go through rather than something that happens to “me” alone. Mindfulness Taking a balanced approach to negative emotions so that feelings are neither suppressed nor exaggerated. Mindfulness requires that we not “over-identify” with thoughts and feelings, and we listen to what is happening in the present. Studies have shown that high self-compassion is associated with:
In this post, I share some self-compassion exercises that can help you in your every day. One very simple practice you can start right away when you find yourself struggle with self-criticism is trying ask yoursef: what would I say to a loved friend in the same situation? It seems easy, but it is not. It is easier to be kind to others that to ourselves. Practice, practice, practice Other 3 self-compassion exercises by Kristin Neff to help you in your daily practice are listed below. Exercise 1: How would you treat a friend?
Did you notice a difference? Exercise 2: Self-compassion break Think of a situation in your life that is difficult, that is causing you stress. Visualize it, and see if you can actually feel the stress and emotional discomfort in your body. Now, say to yourself:
Exercise 3: Self-compassion journal Keeping a journal is an effective way of expressing emotions and reflecting on your life experiences. Try to write about an experience that is difficult for you. Consider the following areas in your writing:
Please let me know in comments which one works best for you and your experience practicing them.
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“A part is not just a temporary emotional state or habitual thought pattern. Instead, it is a discrete and autonomous mental system that has an idiosyncratic range of emotion, style of expression, set of abilities, desires, and view of the world. In other words, it is as if we each contain a society of people, each of whom is at a different age and has different interests, talents, and temperaments”
― Richard C. Schwartz, Internal Family Systems Therapy These parts act as if they were different people inside our mind. When we are calm these parts seem to be well integrated. But, when we are under stress, some of those parts are pushed to extreme positions. Sometimes our inner parts have conflicting needs and desires and can cause emotional pain. One part may want to go out and have fun, and another part may feel too exhausted and prefer to stay home and relax. One part may be afraid of relationships and another part may desperately want to meet someone. Different realities can coexist but can generate a feeling of unresolved conflicts. This often activates the famous inner critic. This is just another part that lives inside us and comes to tell us something. It shows up to tell us that there is something we should pay attention to. The IFS model states that there is never any reason to fight with, coerce, or try to eliminate a part as they are all there for a reason. The IFS method promotes internal connection and harmony. Have you considered that maybe the inner critic isn't so bad after all? According to the IFS model, we all have a compassionate, understanding, and grounded Self that is seen as a leader of our inner family. Our Self is able to guide us to integrate our disparate parts through its capacity for compassion, curiosity, and connection. The first step to begin to heal the conflict between our different parts to foster compassion towards them. It is a normal human reaction to try to get rid of the inner critic or other parts that can generate uncomfortable emotions. However, we know that the more we try to get rid of them, the more intensely they will come. IFS sees the therapist’s job as helping the client to disentangle themselves from their parts and access the Self, which can then connect with each part and heal it, so that the parts can let go of their destructive roles and enter into a harmonious collaboration, led by the Self. How to develop compassion? Through compassion, we understand that the various internal parts have positive intentions. Compassion is the best antidote to inner criticism. - Try to understand it - Be curious about why it has showed up - Think about what is it trying to communicate - Try to connect with our Self Doing all these steps will help us calm our inner critic that lives within all of us. Most of the time we realize that the inner critic wants to protect us from pain or, paradoxically, tries to help us feel good about ourselves. Some of these parts may have a distorted perception of situations or they may exaggerate dangers. For example, maybe because we have failed an exam once, the internal critic shows up to tell us that we will always fail and that we are not good enough. This distortion is based on past experiences, but deep down, it has the purpose to protect us. The key is to change the critical voice for a compassionate voice. Since the parts are like different people within us, we can try to:
In therapy, we welcome all of our parts with curiosity and compassion, trying to understand them from our wise and grounded adult Self. Please share in the comments if you have a hard time giving compassion to your inner critic! I would love to read about your experience. Boundaries are protective limits between oneself and others. We all have a limit to what is safe and appropiate. Boundaries help define ourselves as separate individuals (where one ends and where the other begins), with unique needs and wants. When we learn to set healthy boundaries we empower ourselves to determine how we want to be treated by others, and we develop a clearer sense of self.
💢Boundaries are critical to our sense of self-worth and help us connect with our true selves. 💕They help us to build authentic healthy relationships where we feel free and accepted for who we really are. 🙅Boundaries help us to protect ourselves by identifying what is acceptable and what is not; what we need and what we do not. ⚠️The ultimate goal of boundaries is safety. Setting clear boundaries with others allows us to stay in a physiologically and emotionally balanced state, calm and regulated. Boundaries begin to develop in childhood. In a nurturing and secure family, the child is supported in individualize from others. Children are taugh what is appropiate and what is not, and how to protect their inviduality. We learned about our boundaries by the way we are treated as children and by the way we see our caregivers to interact. According to Family Systems Theory, families develop boundaries based on their specific beliefs regarding who they are. These beliefs surround the individuals in the family distinguishing them from others – creating a sense of “otherness.” Family therapists will work with families where boundaries have become crossed, distorted, or are non-existent. These types of situations can lead to dysfunctional and unhealthy relational patterns. Family therapists will assess boundary problems along a spectrum that follow two extremes: - Enmeshment: family members lose the space for personal growth and autonomy. Boundaries are too fluid, not clear and are crossed in multiple occasions. There is no consideration for the natural hierachy and separation of the different sub-systems (coupl, parental, siblings). Parents could start to rely too much on their children for emotional and moral support, or could be too intrusive to the children's privacy. - Disengagement: family members feel detached from one another, encouranging independence. There’s little to no communication, and no flexibility in family patterns to accommodate effective support and guidance. Boundaries are overly rigid. Children may not feel as if they can confide in their parents or seek emotional support in them. You can begin to reflect of your family boundaries in order to undertand better why you may be struggling with setting certain boundaries. It is important to work with a therapist in order to develop healthier boundaries that will lead to more balance and successful relationships. Main type of boundaries: Emotional - Right to feel and express your feelings - Ability to separate your feelings from other's - Taking responsibility for your feelings and not other's - Being aware of oversharing with others - Deciding the pace of a relationship Mental - Amount of thoughts, opinions or beliefs you choose to share with others - Honouring your opinions and beliefs. Not changing them to please others - Expressing your needs - Deciding what topics to speak about - Refusing to answer certain questions - Deciding what type of content you want to consume Physical - Setting boundaries about your personal space - Deciding your privacy limits - Deciding about your own health, body and looks - Establishing limits with family / friends coming over or spending time together - Limiting the amount of touching or sexual interactions Resource - Setting financial boundaries (how, what, when, with whom to spend money) - Sharing your possessions with others - Organizing your time as you need. Deciding to spend different amount of time in different areas of your life. What to say to set boundaries It can feel very difficult to set boundaries to other people. It is natural to want to avoid conflict and preserve the relationship. However, there are times we need to put our needs first. Practice will makes perfect. Below, I give you some options you can try: "I wish I could, but now it is not a good time" "I am not comfortable with that" "This is not doable for me" "Wow, thanks for the offer/ invite, though that is not something I can do right now" "I will have to get back to you on that" "I love you and care about you. Unfortunately, I cannot help with this right now because it feels too hard for me" " I really want to help you, but right now it is not the best moment. Can we talk in the morning?" I hope you find this useful. Please leave your comments below.
If you believe that you have no control over what happens and that external factors are to blame, then you have what is known as an external locus of control. As we see in this post, your locus of control can influence the way you respond to events by attributing causality, and also impact your motivation to take action. If you believe you can do "something about it" then it is more likely you will take action and feel empowered instead of hopeless. Attribution example:
Positive self-esteem is a factor that may play an important role when the attribution is internal. Success attributed to an internal cause (the person) is a source of pride. Success attributed to ability and/or effort is a source of pride because both ability and effort are internal attributions, and feel controllable. Failure attributed to an internal cause is a source of disappointment, and it may mobilize the person to do "something about it", to better themselves. Internal attributions both for success and failure are felt as controllable and the person believes there is something they can do about it. Internal locus of control is often used synonymously with "self-determination" and "personal agency." Internal locus of control looks like:
External attributions of success and failure are perceived as out of the person's control. Therefore, there is a more passive attitude towards it that can impact negatively the self-esteem of the individual. When success or failure happens it is perceived as if it is because of luck / fate / other people's doing and it feels as not controllable. Successes that are attributed to external causes will not help the development of a sense of pride in the person as it is not perceived as effort/ ability. Failures attributed to external factors will create a sense of hopelessness with the feeling that "there is nothing to do to change it". External locus of control looks like:
Fray, and Owens (1973) measured peoples locus of control using Rotter's locus of control test and then had participants perform an experiment around a vigilance task. Participants with higher internal locus of control performed significantly better on the task than those with high external locus of control; showing that people with internal locus of control have significantly better attention and alertness, qualities that improve performance on countless tasks people have to perform throughout life (Sanders et al. 1973). However, it is also important to note that internal locus of control does not always mean "good" and external locus of control does not always mean "bad." In some situations, having an external locus of control can be a good thing, for example when a situation may harm your self-esteem or is genuinely outside of a person's control. So, it will really depend on the circumstances and what seems best for that person at that given time in order to be able to move on and feel in control of their own life. Am I what happened to me? Or am I what I choose to become? Our personal story does not need to determine the narrative of OUR life story. Our personal story is a compound of events, reactions, actions, and associated feelings, emotions, desires, and passions. Challenges, difficulties, traumas, failures, positive experiences, successes, love and break-ups. We can make a coherent narrative of our life story by considering our early experiences, the beliefs developed after these events, the sense of control, the protective nature of our actions lead by our nervous system and our faith in personal resilience. In therapy, we explore all of this, giving meaning to the story of your life in order to develop a sense of agency and self-efficacy, to become the person you want to become despite the difficulties of what happened to you. It may be a long journey but could be one of the best journeys we can embark on. Please leave your comments below. You can also find more in this Instagram post.
DON'T THINK OF A PINK ELEPHANT!
Okay, I’ll wait. No cheating! How long did you make it without thinking about it? My guess is, not even 5 seconds. Wegner, a psychology professor at Harvard University, developed his theory of "ironic processes" to explain why it's so hard to eliminate unwanted thoughts. He found evidence that when we try not to think of something, one part of our mind does avoid the forbidden thought, but another part "checks in" every so often to make sure the thought is not coming up—therefore, ironically, bringing it to mind. "OK, so what do I do about this?" "Is there any way to avoid unwanted thoughts?" The short answer is NO. Here is the thing about intrusive thoughts:
Intrusive thoughts are automatic and will come up from time to time. Some people will experience them more often than others. It is important that if you feel that your daily functioning is impaired because of them, you seek professional support. How can we manage intrusive thoughts? 1. Identify and label them
2. Accept them
3. Defusion and Mindfulness
4. Take action
I hope this post brings some light into how to manage intrusive thoughts when they appear at your door. Let me know in comments your experience.
Trauma robs you of the feeling of being in charge of yourself. In order to regain control over yourself, trauma needs to be revisited. However, trauma is much more than a story about something that happened. The emotions and sensations imprinted during trauma are experienced not only as memories but as disruptive physical reactions in the present.
Once you learn to tolerate physical experiences based on trauma, you can begin to make sense of them, to integrate them into your life history and personal identity. Integrating trauma also means putting it in its place on a body level. Bessel van der Kolk, M.D., believes that contemporary mind-body interventions actually promote change by forging communication and restoring the balance between the rational and emotional brain systems through a third pathway: the medial prefrontal cortex.This area manages the emotion regulation/inhibition process and it is also connected to the amygdala, that is the threat detector of our brain. Mindfulness practices, for example, help to strengthen the medial prefrontal cortex increasing emotional regulation capacity. Neuroscience research shows that the only way we can change the way we feel is by becoming aware of our inner experience and learning to befriend what is going on inside ourselves. Traditional talk-based psychotherapy, and most cognitively-oriented trauma-focused therapies, are viewed as taking a top-down approach to treatment. Most often this involves efforts to resolve trauma symptoms by working with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the area of the brain most responsible for logic and reason. A top-down approach in psychotherapy starts with looking at how the mind is interpreting information, how do we make sense of events. It focuses first on the cognitive aspect and targets the frontal lobes. The higher brain is the place where logic lives. A logic-first approach can be less effective because, if your brain has experienced trauma, the trauma response de-activates the thinking areas, and activates the lower areas of the brain. Some of the top-down therapies are: - Talking therapies:
The bottom-up approach begins with information acquired from the body’s sensations. The bottom-up approach understands that feelings and body sensations happen first, before it access the rational areas of our brain. Therefore, bottom-up interventions work by accessing the limbic system (emotional brain) and by directly targeting sensory receptors located throughout the body. The idea is to develop a sense of safety within your own body. Trauma-informed therapy creates healing relationships in which it is safe to begin to look at the reasons why a person feels unsafe (and unable to control thoughts and feelings when triggered), without being overwhelmed by taking a tritration approach. Titration is the skill set that involves managing the speed of processing by slowing down the activation/ arousal responses. The healing relationships include the therapist-client relationship and the client’s own relationship with himself or herself. This is why it is so important that you feel safe and connected with your therapist. To activate this bottom-up process, the following activities could be used: - Exercise - Rhythmic movement - Deep, relaxed diaphragmatic breathing - Synchrony exercises between breathing and heart rate Some of the bottom-up therapies are: - Sensorimotor therapy - Somatic experiencing - Yoga therapy - Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) - Ego states psychotherapy / Internal Family Systems (IFS) - Mindfulness-based therapies - Neurofeedback While either path can help a client begin to self-regulate, it is important to think about what a specific person may need. A blend of both can help individuals to begin to cope with their bodily experiences of trauma while they begin to think and feel differently about their experiences, their emotions, and their sense of self. See more about this in my Instagram post. Please leave your comments below!  Despite its considerable public health importance, childhood attachment is very much under-represented in medical training and practice.
According to attachment theory, pioneered by British psychiatrist John Bowlby and American psychologist Mary Ainsworth, the quality of the bonding we experience during our first relationship (infant-caregiver) often determines how well we relate to other people and respond to intimacy throughout life. This will impact not only our adult interpersonal connections and how we feel about them, but also it will affect our capacity to regulate our emotions in situations of distress and danger. We are all born with attachment-seeking behaviours such as crying, clinging, imitation & smiling. These behaviours are designed to keep caregivers close, and to ensure that the baby’s needs for survival, sensitive care and safety are met. Attachment is a process. Attachment is an evolutionary adaptation, is not a diagnosis. Attachment allows children the ‘secure base’ necessary to explore, learn and relate. It is important for safety, emotional regulation, adaptability and resilience. Attachment with the caregiver allows emotional regulation to develop. Through co-regulation the caregiver soothes the child's emotional distress. Attuned parenting provides meaning to the ‘inner world’ of the child. Through verbal and non-verbal communication the caregiver reflects back to their child what they believe is happening in the child's mind that is the basis for emotional regulation. Through this process, the child learns to self-regulate. We cannot do everything alone. We are not capable of healing in isolation, we are interdependent since we are born. The presence of those close to us makes a difference even in the most horrible circumstances. Our culture might encourage us to think of ourself as do-it-yourself projects, but we get more positive results when we adopt a we-can-do-it-together approach. The type of attachment we have experience in our early years and childhood creates a template that serves as a predictor of the types of attachment adaptations we expect to form in adulthood. It will create a blueprint and it will be re-enacted in every relationship we have based on our perceived level of safety / threat. Secure attachment Secure attachment is attunement. This adaptation is marked by emotional availability, ability to express one's needs, self-sufficiency and healthy boundaries. Diane Poole Heller says in her book that she believes that we all long for love and connection and that such longing comes directly from our secure attachment system, which is inherent in everyone, no matter our attachment style. Secure attachment reflects a positive-enough environment that creates and engenders basic trust. Main ingredients for an upbringing environment that promotes secure attachment:
Avoidant attachment This adaptation is marked by fear off intimacy and closeness, relational discomfort and difficulties recognizing and expressing one's needs. Adults with the avoidant adaptation are sometimes denigrated as “Detached,” “off in their own world,” “insensitive,” “cold,” “standoffish,” “lone wolf,” “workaholic”. People with an avoidant adaptation tend to regularly experience approach stress, even with people they love. However, we know that avoidant people actually do want connection, they just need more transition from alone to together time to take the pressure off and ease the way for a smoother path to connection. Diane Poole in her book recommends that those who align with the avoidance adaptation try to focus a little more on physical embodiment and emotional presence. Main ingredients for an upbringing environment that may result in avoidant attachment adaptation:
Anxious attachment This adaptation is marked by fear of rejection, hypersensitivity to perceived threat, need for reassurance and for intense interaction with others. Adults with the anxious attachment adaptation are sometimes denigrated as “needy,” “clingy,” “oversensitive,” “controlling,” “high-maintenance,” or “high-strung.” Diane Poole explains in her book that people with an anxious attachment adaptation tend to feel upset when are alone and not in close proximity to the important people in their life. They might be high-functioning and in contact with their secure attachment network when in the presence of their relationship partner, but as soon as their loved one leaves, they begin to mistrust the connection. People with anxious adaptation may find more difficulty to transition from together to alone time. This may be explained by the fact that they rely on "external regulation", constantly looking to use others to down regulate, or calm, their overactivated nervous systems. These individuals may benefit from learning to feel safe alone and use self-regulation and grounding techniques. Main ingredients for an upbringing environment that may result in anxious attachment adaptation:
Disorganized attachment This adaptation is marked by emotional dysregulation, confused sense of self, internal conflict, feelings of constant overwhelm, controlling behaviours, ongoing sense of failure and lack of impulse control. In some ways, disorganized attachment is a combination of the avoidant and ambivalent adaptations, but it is mixed with fear-induced survival defenses switched on to deal with ever-looming threat. The disorganized adaptation comes with a lot of confusion — cognitive, emotional, and somatic. This creates lack of confidence and sense of ongoing failure. Disorganized people with these feelings often don’t like to try new things because they’re convinced they’re going to fail at whatever they do. People with disorganized attachment adaptation struggle with emotional dysregulation, and they can move through life with too little control, especially when it comes to their emotions. It can be hard for them to manage their feelings, which leads to a lot of acting out. Disorganized attached people may dissociate a lot and nervous system may shut down into freeze response as a defense to a hostile perceived environment. The primary contributor to disorganized attachment—as first identified by Mary Ainsworth—is when parents are the source of fear, and the children's attachment system shut down. Main ingredients for an upbringing environment that may result in disorganized attachment adaptation:
Disclaimer: Attachment adaptations are not personality traits or clinical diagnoses. We can oscillate between different styles depending on the situation and the person we are interacting with in a given moment. Source: Book "The power of attachment" from Diane Poole Heller.  Self-esteem reflects the opinion we have of ourselves, the judgments we make of ourselves and the value we place on ourselves as people. Self-esteems refers to an attitude towards oneself. When we say it is an attitude, we refer to the habitual way of thinking, loving, feeling and behaving with oneself. Self-esteem shapes our personality, sustains it and gives it meaning. It is generated as a result of the history of each person. Self-esteem has a dynamic nature, it can grow and it can weaken. We have to continuously nourish it.
The beliefs about ourselves, other people and about life are all learned. They have their roots in our experiences. Our beliefs about ourselves can be seen as conclusions we have come to on the basis of what has happened to us. This means that, however unhelpful or outdated they may now be, they are understandable – there was a time when they made perfect sense, given what was going on for us. Remember that core beliefs are there to protect us. The key is to identify now, as adults, if we need to continue ¨believing¨in them or if they no longer serve us. Also, remember that the negative beliefs about ourselves are opinions, not facts. They are conclusions about ourselves based on past experiences (usually, but not necessarily, early experiences). A broad range of experiences, including both the presence of negatives and the absence of positives, can contribute to our core belief, and to our self-esteem. It is quite common to confuse self-esteem with self-concept and use both as synonymous terms. Although the two concepts are related, they are not equivalent. In self-concept, the cognitive dimension prevails, while in self-esteem the evaluative and affective dimension prevails. We can say that self-esteem develops from childhood and is impacted by the interactions, opinions, emotional availability that we have received from our primary caregivers, on top of other significant interpersonal relationships experiences. Not only are the words we receive what matter, but the behaviors, the responses that our parents and other meaningful relationships have had towards our demands and needs. As an example, imagine that as a child you have been excited about something and wanted to show it to your mother. She then told you "oh, that it is beautiful", however, she did not look at you, did not approach you and did not connect with your need to be valued. If this happens repeatedly, it will, most likely, impact your self-concept ("what I do is not important enough" "what I say is not interesting enough") and it will affect how my self-esteem develops. So it is important to consider that not only what we say about others is important, but how do we relate to them. Is the quality of the attachment and interaction that will affect our valuation of ourselves. Regarding the self-concept, we can say that it influences the way we appreciate the events, situations and people in our life. If I have a negative perception of myself, I will not value my achievements the same as if my perception of myself is positive. At the same time, the self-concept influences considerably the behavior and the experiences of the individual. The person develops their self-concept, creates their own self-image Self-esteem has 3 interrelated components 🌸Cognitive Component: the set of knowledge about oneself. The representation that each one forms about their own person. This varies according to psychological maturity and cognitive capacity. It indicates ideas, opinions, beliefs, perception, and information processing. Self-concept occupies a privileged place in the genesis, growth, and consolidation of self-esteem, and the remaining dimensions walk under the light that the self-concept projects to them, which in turn is accompanied by the self-image or mental representation that the person has of themselves in the present and in the future (aspirations and expectations). 🌸Affective Component: Value and worth that we attribute to ourselves and the degree to which we accept ourselves. It can have a positive or negative nuance according to our self-esteem: "There are many things about me that I like" or, on the other hand, "I don't do anything well, I'm useless." We make a judgment and have a feeling around our personal qualities. 🌸 Behavioral component: Related to intention, decision to act, and to carry out a process in a coherent way. It is self-affirmation directed towards the own self and in search of consideration and recognition on the part of others. It is the effort to achieve respect for others and for ourselves. It includes the set of skills and competencies that each person possesses when demonstrating their attitude to the outside. Self-esteem pyramid 🌸 Self-awareness has to do with knowing your strengths and weaknesses, understanding what are the personal qualities that you have. 🌸 Self-concept is the beliefs and ideas about oneself. The self-concept has to do with the cognitive dimension of what you believe about yourself, your self-perception. It will create your self-image and will impact the way you behave. 🌸 Self-evaluation is the inner capacity to evaluate our behaviour as positive or negative. Has to do with the meaning associated with our achievements and failures. 🌸 Self-acceptance has to do with an individual's acceptance of all of his/her attributes, positive or negative. Accepting all our parts as a whole. This does not mean that you like them, but you do accept them. 🌸 Self-respect means honoring your worth, preserving your dignity, and taking pride in your abilities, take responsibility for your emotions. 🌸 Self-esteem is a person's overall sense of self-worth or personal value. In other words, how much you appreciate yourself. Is the affective and emotional component of the self-concept. Leave your comments below! * Based in the work of Melanie Fennell , and the Self-Esteem Pyramid model of Jesús Diaz Ibañez
They, in turn, influence your emotions and your behaviour. They are also connected to the beliefs you have about yourself, the world, and others. These maladaptive thought patterns are usually automatic and can be difficult to identify if we aren’t aware of them.
We all experience cognitive distortions to some degree. However, people that have experienced trauma tend to have more maladaptive appraisals of self, others, and the world. They tend to experience more emotional discomfort because of those cognitive distortions. Threatening appraisals related to the trauma and its aftermath may be developed in those experiencing PTSD, such as the overgeneralisation of danger (‘bad things always happen to me’) or judgements of their own actions (‘I should have coped better’). Based on Dr. Aaron Beck's work, Dr. Burns* has identified 10 common cognitive distortions that can contribute to uncomfortable emotions. These are: 1. All-or-Nothing Thinking You see things in black-or-white categories. If a situation falls short of perfect, you see it as a total failure. Example: When a student makes a mistake in the exam, he thinks “I’ve blown my exam completely.” 2. Overgeneralization Drawing a faulty conclusion about something based on one experience. You see a single negative event, such as a romantic rejection or a career reversal, as a never-ending pattern of defeat by using words such as “always” or “never” when you think about it. Example: you get rejected on a job interview and you conclude that you will never be able to find a job. 3. Mental Filter You pick out a single negative detail and dwell on it exclusively, so that your vision of all reality becomes negative. You focus only on the negative aspects and dysqualify all the positive aspects. Example: You receive many positive comments about your presentation to a group of associates at work, but one of them says something mildly critical. You obsess about his reaction for days and ignore all the positive feedback. 4. Discounting the Positive You reject positive experiences by insisting they "don't count." Discounting the positive takes the joy out of life and makes you feel inadequate and unrewarded. Example: If you do a good job, you may tell yourself that it wasn’t good enough or that anyone could have done as well. 5. Jumping to Conclusions: - Mind reading Assuming you know what others are thinking. So without checking it out, you arbitrarily conclude that someone is reacting negatively to you. Example: someone looks at you with a stare and you assume they are negatively thinking about you. - Fortune-telling You predict that things will turn out badly when you have no evidence to back your predictions. Before a test you may tell yourself, “I’m really going to blow it, what if I don't remember?" 6. Magnification and Minimization You exaggerate the importance of your problems and shortcomings, or you minimize the importance of your desirable qualities. Example: you get a message from your boyfriend saying that he wants to talk to you, and right away, you stat imagine the worst possible outcome. 7. Emotional Reasoning: Assuming that your emotions reflect the truth. Example: “I feel guilty. I must be a terrible person.” 8. “Should statements” You tell yourself that things should be the way you hoped or expected them to be. “Musts,” “oughts” and “have tos” have the similar negative effect. “Should statements” that are directed against yourself lead to guilt and frustration. Should statements that are directed against other people or the world in general lead to anger and frustration. Example: After giving a presentation at work you think “I shouldn’t have made so many mistakes.”, when in reality the presentation went pretty well. 9. Labeling Labeling is an extreme form of all-or-nothing thinking. Labeling is quite irrational because you are not the same as what you do. You feel that the problem is with that person’s “character” or “essence” instead of with their thinking or behavior. Example: You may make a mistakes, but you are not a "mistake". 10. Personalization and blame Personalization occurs when you hold yourself personally responsible for an event that isn’t entirely under your control. Some people do the opposite. They blame other people or their circumstances for their problems, and they overlook ways that they might be contributing to the problem. Personalization leads to guilt, shame, and feelings of inadequacy. Example: you believe you are a bad father because your child gets in troube at school. ⚠️ Disclaimer: This article serves as a psycho-educational resource only. I encourage you to discuss with your therapist how this applies to your unique situation. Everyone’s experience is different and some information might not be relevant to you. *Burns D. (1989). The Feeling Good Handbook. Harper-Collins Publishers. New York.
It is important to understand what is your communication style and learn what are the main communication mistakes, to learn not to make them!
🗣️ What is your communication style? 🌸Assertive Assertive communication is based on balance. It is about saying what you need in a clear and boundaried way, at the same time that you respect the other person. These individuals value themselves, their time, and their emotional, spiritual, and physical needs and are strong advocates for themselves while being very respectful of the rights of others. e.g. I feel scared when you raise your voice. I would like you to speak in a softer tone. 💥Aggressive Aggressive communication is based on winning. You do what is in your own best interest without regard for the rights, needs, feelings, or desires of other people. When someone uses aggressive communication, they want to use their power to influence the decision / outcome. They may come across as pushy or even bullying. Their power is used to win, taking what they want without asking for the other person's opinion or needs. e.g. Shut up! Your tone is so loud. Keep it down! 😔 Passive Passive communication is based on avoidance. You try to avoid conflict by agreeing with the other person. You try to protect yourself by not expressing your feelings, needs, or opinions. As a result, passive individuals do not respond overtly to hurtful or anger-inducing situations. Instead, they allow grievances and annoyances to mount, usually unaware of the buildup. But once they have reached their high tolerance threshold for unacceptable behavior, they are prone to explosive outbursts, which are usually out of proportion to the triggering incident. After the outburst, however, they may feel shame, guilt, and confusion, so they return to being passive. ej. Okay, if that is what you want... 🤨Passive-aggressive Passive-aggressive communication is based on manipulation You appear passive on the surface but are really acting out anger in a subtle, indirect, or behind-the-scenes way. Passive-aggressive communication is a style in which individuals appear passive on the surface but are really acting out anger in a subtle, indirect, or behind-the-scenes way. People who develop a pattern of passive-aggressive communication usually feel powerless, stuck, and resentful – in other words, they feel incapable of dealing directly with the object of their resentments. Instead, they express their anger by subtly undermining the object (real or imagined) of their resentments. e.g. You can keep yelling, if I have a headache afterwards it will be your fault, like everything else... 🆘 Main communication mistakes 1. Using "You" language Relationships should not be a competition. Speaking with “me vs. you” language means seeing the other person as the “enemy.” Talking from a "you" perspective will make the listener defensive. Try to use "I statements" instead to convey how you feel about the situation. An "I" statement is a style of communication that focuses on the feelings or beliefs of the speaker rather than thoughts or charactistics that the speaker attributes to the listener. "I" statements can help foster positive communication in relationships and may help them become stronger, as sharing feelings and thoughts in an honest and open manner can help people grow closer on an emotional level. I have made a post about this. Check it out here. Another positive way to have a conversation to solve an issue is communicating using "we". Try to reframe the "you" to "we" and think of yourselves as a team. Work together, not against each other. 2. Making assumptions Assuming before you have heard the whole story could damage the relationship. Thinking “Oh I don’t even have to hear the rest of this – I already know what they’re going to say!” could bring you to a wrong conclusion about the other person. I am sure you would not like other people assuming things about what you have said, so do not do it to others either. Active listening and asking instead of assuming will help in the communication process and make coming to an agreement more feasible. 3. Beating around the bush Not being clear in what you want to say can create misunderstandings. If you are not clear and concise with your message, the other person may do their own interpretation. Be assertive with your message. Say what you need and why it is important without disrespecting the other person. 4. Lack of empathy It is important to keep in mind that perception is not reality. What you may see and think is not necessarily what the other person sees and thinks. It is typical to see people attacking each other's character (e.g. "you are a bad person") instead of what they say or do (e.g. "your behaviour is not acceptable"). It is important to empathize with the other person and try to understand why they have behaved the way they did. By asking questions about their motives we can build up compassion and understand. From that place, it is easier to come to a resolution and learn from the future. Let me know in comments, what are your thoughts about this and if you have identified your main mistakes. |
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January 2022
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